Media Organisations and News Agencies

Some Media Organizations

The Press Council of India (PCI).

The practice of instituting a Press Council to safeguard the interests of a free Press was first initiated by Sweden. Presently, more than 40 Countries have set up Press Councils. In India, the institution of a Press Council functioned from November 1966 to January 1. 1976, under the Indian Press Council Act 1965. But the emergency regime wound it up. The short – lived Janata regime reconstituted it in April 1979 under a new Press council Act, 1978, as it felt that the liberty of the Press needed to be upheld by the Press itself.

The Press Council of India is a statutory body, and not a voluntary organization as in the U.K. and other commonwealth Countries. It consists of 28 members, headed by a Chairman who is nominated by a committee made up of the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the speaker of the Lok Sabha and an elected representative of the council members, of the 28 members, 13 are nominated in accordance with the procedure  prescribed from among working juranlists, of whom six are editors of news papers and the other seven working journalists other than editors. Six members represent various interests is like those of the owners of big, medium, and small newspapers, and of news agencies. Besides, there are five M Ps nominated by the speaker of the Loksabha, and two from the Rajya Sabha. Representation is also provided to specialists in law, education, literature, science and culture.

This representative body has the power to warn, admonish and censure any editor or realist who flouts the standard of journalistic ethics or public taste. It has the power of a Civil Court and can, therefore, summon witnesses, inspect documents and receive evidence. Cases relation to the laws of libel,  obscenity and contempt, as also the invasion of privacy can be taken up by it for adjudication. It handles about 500 complaints against newspapers and journalists every year .

The Indian Press Council has, besides, ‘not only to help newspapers and news agencies to maintain independence, but also to build up principles for maintenance of high standards of the journalistic profession with a stress on public taste , and fostering a due sense of right and responsibilities of citizenship. It is for the Press council to keep under review all developments likely to restrict the supply and dissemination of news of public interest, including the question of concentration of ownership of newspapers and news agencies, they may affect the freedom of the Press.

In June 1980, the Council decided to recommend to the central Government the need to amend the Press Council Act, 1978 so as to empower it to take penal action against defaulting newspapers ‘which are indicted or censured, for infringement of journalistic ethics. The action suggested against newspapers was cessation of Central and State Government advertisements; and against journalists and editors, the withdrawal of accreditation facilities. The Second Press Commission recommended the arming of the Press Council with power to improve penalties but Editors’ guild has not approved the move.

Audit Bureau of Circulation LTD (ABC)

The ABC is private body whose members are 252 regional and national publishers, and 203 leading advertisers, news agencies, and advertising agencies. It surveys the circulation of publication in English, Hindi and 12reginal languages, in more than 50 major Indian towns.

ABC carries out circulation surveys on a regular basis and issues ‘Certificates of Net Paid Circulation’ every six months. It has a very high reputation for reliability and impartiality, and is therefore quoted with authority. Like the NRS, ABC too is urban-oriented there are nearly ninety percent of publications that are not members of the ABC. Hardly 20 of the English weeklies, and an equal number of the Hindi dillies are enrolled as members. Yet it is contended by advertisers, that ABC covers 75 % of the Indian daily Press. The fact is that good number of members do not submit their circulation figures for verification. ‘Not received’ (NR) us a familiar feature in the auditor’s reports.

Registrar of Newspapers for India (RNI)

Established on July 1, 1956, the RNI functions as a central Government body (under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting) responsible for the compilation of a Register giving particulars like ownership and circulation of all newspapers published in India. Besides, it oversees the allocation of titles, newsprint, and certificates for the import of printing and allied machinery required by newspaper establishments. It also sees to the enforcement of the provisions of the Press and Registration of Books Act, and has the authority to inspect newspapers’ records and documents. It carries out frequent checks to fine out whether the newspapers registered with it are published regularly and also whether the circulation figures claimed by newspapers are credible. it compiles the Annual Report, ‘ Press in India’, which is major source for hard data on over – 48,000 newspaper and magazines tin the country.

Sources of News: New Agencies

A news agency, according to a UNESCO definition is “ an  undertaking whose principle objective, whatever its legal from, is to gather news and news martial of which  the sole purpose is to express or present fact, and to distribute this to  group of news enterprises, and in exceptional circumstances to private individuals, with a view  to providing them with as complete and impartial a news service as possible against payment, and under conditions compatible with business laws and usage.’ in the mid  - 1990s. however, that definition of a news agency sounds rather dated, transnational agencies today are large corporations making their profits largely from the sale of financial and market data provided to clients around the world; the commercial clients far outnumber news enterprises. Further, the kind of ‘ facts‘ , they present are highly selective, of primary interstate the world of business and commerce in the West, and thus are in no way ‘ complete’ and impartial’. The Service of the agencies provided are not just text, but also relate to audio, video, photography and all kinds of data. The business of Some national agencies too has grown and expended through diversification

The major transnational news agencies continue to be ‘the big four’: Returners of Britain, AP (associated Press) of the United States of America, AFP (Agence France Press), and UPI (United Press International) of the United States, though the last has lost much of its international market since the late eighties, except in South America. Other large transitional news agencies include DPA (Deutsche Press Agentur) of Germany, Itar – Tass of Russia, and MENA (middle east new agency ) of Egypt. The major financial and business news agencies are Reuters, Dow Jones, Bollomberg Information Service and Bridege Information Systems. In early 1998, Dow Jones sold its market units to Bridge Information Systems for $ 510 Millinon. While Reuters distributes financial data to over 3,62,000 computer terminals, Dow Jones and Bridge Information Systems offer its data on equities, foreign exchange, derivatives and commodities o over 1,05,000 subscribers, Bloomberg to over 75,000 terminals.

Regional ‘news exchanges’ have been started to counter the dominance of the ‘big four’. These include OPECNA the news agency of the OPEC countries; the Non-Aligned News Agency Pool (NANAP); and Deterrin, the transnational news agency founded by both developed and developing countries IPS and operated by all participating Countries. Two new exchanges served the South American Region : the Accion De Systemas Information Nacionales (ASIN) and Agency Letinamericana de Informacio (ALAI). The Pan African News Agency (PANA) serves the African Continant , CANA, the Carribean Region, OANA, the Asia-Pacific region and PACNEWS the Pasific region. An International news agency established recently, and intrest to Indian news papers, is the IANS (India Abroad News Services) with its headquarters in New York.

On of the world’s “Alternative” news agency’s the Inter Press Service (IPS), with its headquarters in Roma. It has bureau in New Delhi, besides other Capitals of Developing Countries. IPS takes a deliderat “third world” aproch to social process and issues. It decries “Sport reporting” and even and people-oriented news, and concentrates on analytical features. Its major interest is in placing issues in their context, to offer discussions on the “why” of issues rather than the “what”, “when”, “Where”, “or”, “Who”,   takes a deliberate ‘third world’ approach to social processes and issues.

There are now more than a hundred news agencies in the world. Around 90 countries have their own national news agencies while 40 countries do not have any agency at all . News agencies in 50 out of the 90 countris are directly under the control of the State , while the remaining 40 are owned and run jointly by newspapers and the media. Yet few of them are really autonomous, and totally free from Government and commercial influences.

Development of News Agencies in India

K.C.Roy, an Indian journalist during the early years of this century, set up the first Indian news agency called the Press News Bureau (PNB). S. Sadanand established a nationalistic news agency in the 1930s, known as the Free Press of India (FPI) but could not afford to keep it going for more hand a couple of years. In 1933, the United Press of India (UPI) rose out of FPI’s ashes, and proved to be a great success. Until independence, Reuters and UPI were the main sources of news for Indian newspapers.

By 1949, the Indian and Eastern Newspapers Society had started its own agency – the Press Trust of India (PTI), which purchased Reuters, while UPI still  struggled on, providing little or no competition. In 1958, UPI died a slow death, leaving PTI alone in the field with a vast countrywide tele printer network, and employing many journalists and stringers.

United News of India (UNI)

Before long, however, United News of India (UNI), a competitive news agency was set up by Dr B.C.Roy and sponsored by eight national dailies. Within a decade, it could match the services of PTI in the collection and distribution of news. It now has correspondents in over 200 Indian towns and cities, and around a hundred bureaus across the nation. The various services it offers to its over a thousand subscribers in India (and 30 abroad), include UNIFIN, a finance and banking service, UNISTOCK, a service for stock exchanges, and UNISCAN, a new service fed directly into television sets. Besides, it has a national photo service and supplies computer– designed graphic in ready-to–use form on economics and other topics. UNI has started a TV wing to provide news features, news clips and documentaries to Doordarshan.

Press Trust Of India (PTI)

PTI too has expanded its services considerably, and has foreign correspondents in new York, Moscow, Kathmandu, Colombo, London and other world capitals. It employs over a thousand journalists and technical staff manning around a hundred offices in the country. Its news services have been computerized, and among the many services it offers to its subscribers are: PTI -stocks can, PTI – Stocks can Elect, PTI – MAG, Data India, and a screen–based news service called NEWSCAN. It has arrangements with Reuters, APP and other agencies for news, with AP for international photograph, and with AP–Dow Joes for international economic and financial news. PTI hgas teamed up with AAP information services of Australia, Ninon Keizal Shim bun of Japan. Antara news agency of Indonesia, and YONHAP of South Korea to from a joint venture company to gather and distribute business news on the industrialized economies of the Asia pacific. PTI is also part of a cooperative agreement amon 12 news agencies of the Asia–Pacific region for the distribution of corporate and Government Press releases. In March 1998, speculation was rife that Dow Jones would tie up with PTI to take on Reuters. At present, the Dow Jones services are provided by PTI because of Government restorations against direct distribution to Indian media houses, Dow Jones is reportedly helping PTI with technical assistance in its modernization plans. PTI also distributes the general new service of Reuters in India, but Reuters sells its screen – based business news independently to the Press and to business.

With development loans made available by the Central Government, the two national news agencies have updated technology of news reception and news distribution. Towards the end of 1978, UNI and PTI stepped into the age of satellite communication, discarding the outmoded radio – teletype system . They thus began to receive foreign agency and foreign correspondent reports via satellite, and to disseminate agency copy using net-worked computers.

Another landmark in the modernization of the news agencies has been the use of computers for prompt and in-depth analysis of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections since 1980. This was the first time that news agencies of any developing country had employed computers to report national election.

While the UNI and PTI have made a great impact in the distribution of national and international new in India, they have yet to tap the interest of many foreign Countries, especially of Asia. Africa and Latin Amerce in India affairs. Despite the soaring costs of communications today, the effort to sell Indian news to the Press. Radio and TV network around the world has yet to make a mark.

Hindi News Agencies

PTI – Bhasha and UNIVARTA are the Hindi units of the two national news agfencies . until the 1980s, two Hindi news agencies: the Hindustan Samachar and the Samachar Bharati served the Hindi Press. They were brought under one banner during the emergency for the ostensible purpose of starting a natonal news agency directly under Government sponsorship. With the lifting of the emergency however, SAMACHAR – the label under which the four agencies were merged – broke into its separate consitiuents again. For all practical purposes SAMACHAR functioned under Government control. The Janata regime saw it as ‘a deliberate design to make the news agencies serve as a tool of the ruling party.’ and so restored the status quo ante from April 14, 1978.

Hindustan Samachar, India’s first multilingual new agency, was founded by S.S Apte, as long back as 1948. It sought ‘ to educate public at large.

See Also :

Print Media and Communication	Freedom of Press - The right to Publish and Privacy
Communication and Print media	Council Guides to Journalistic Ethics
Introduction to Print Media	Censorship in the Press and Media
Developments in Print Media	Media Laws
Contribution of News Papers	Press Ownership and Monopoly
Contribution of Magazines	Media Organisations and News Agencies
Press Commissions and Councils	The Mass Media
The Power of Press	Functions of Mass Media
History of Indian Journalism	Theories of the Press or Media
Press Censorship under the Emergency	Code of Ethics for Journalists
News Values in Journalism	Readership and Popularity of Magazine
Magazine genres-Types of Magazine

Council Guides to Journalistic Ethics

Press Council Guide to 

Journalistic Ethics

Press Council Guide to Journalistic Ethics

The Press Council of  India has been established to `preserve the freedom of the Press and to maintain and improve the standards of newspapers and news agencies’ The Council is enjoined to `build up’ a Code of Conduct for newspapers, news agencies and journalists in accordance with high professional standards. `A compendium of broad principles was first published in 1983- 84. In October 1992 , the Council published `an updated but succinct compilation of the principles of journalistic ethics sorted out from the adjudications of the Council and the guidelines issued by it in their wake’ (The Guide to Journalistic Ethics was further revised and updated in 1995 by the present Chairman, Mr. Justice P. Sawant). Below are excerpts from the 1992 guidelines:         

                                                                           

1.      Accuracy and Fairness : The fundamental objective of journalism, declares the Guide, is to serve the people with news, views, comments and information on matters of public interest in a fair, accurate, unbiased, sober and decent manner .Publication of inaccurate, baseless, graceless, misleading, or distorted material should be avoided All sides the core issue or subject should be reported.

(a) Verification and checking of news before  publication is necessary where its publication and the comments based there on  can   create complications, such as:

(i)                 Where it is likely to incite communal passions

(ii)               Where it is of a slanderous nature.

(b) However, failure to observe strictly this rule as to pre-publication verification would not necessarily amount to a breach of Journalistic ethics on the part of the editor.

(i) Where the impigfned news item was merely a statement made by a responsible political leaber of the ruling party at a Press conference or a public statement of a recognised leader, or

(ii) Where the impugned news item was based on the reports of an accredited correspondent.

Provided  in either case it was in respect to a matter of public concern.

(c) Unjustified rumors and surmises  should not be set forth as  facts.

2.      Journalists should  judge no one unheard.

3.      Cautions against Defamatory Writings: Newspapers should not publish  anything which is per  se defamatory or libellous against any individual or organization unless after due care and checking they have sufficient reason to believe that it is true and its publication will be for public good.

4.      (a) Pre-publication verification of reports necessary : Whenever a newspaper receives a report or article containing defamatory or derogatory imputations or comments against a public figure, public servant or public organisation, touching his/her or its public conduct   charactor in so far as it appears in that conduct, the editor should. Before publishing it, check with due care and attention, its factual accuracy part from other authentic sources, with the person or the organization and publish the same. If the person or the organization likely to be affected by that report/ article refuses to give his/ her counter –version or reaction, despite sincere efforts made by the editor , a footnote to that effect should be published along with the report/ articles If from the counter-version given by the person or organization concerned to elicit his/ her or its version, comments or reaction the editors mind his left rocking with doubt in regard to  the veracity of any part of the report / article he should omit from publication that part and publish the rest with consequetioal amendment, provided the editor is satisfied that the remainder is substantlaully accurate and its publication will be for public benefit. If such doubt permeates the whole of the report / article, the prudent course for him/her is not to publish it at all.

(b) This salutary rule of journalistic ethics and fairness follows as a necessary corollary from two basic principles : the first is a fundamental canon of natural justice,that no one should be condemned unheard. The second is that freedom of the Press is not merely a right of the publishers and editors

But also of the readers’ / peoples’ right to know all side of an issue of public interest. The editor, therefore, cannot refuse to publish the reply or rejoinder merely on the ground that in his/her opinion the reply or rejoinder merely on the ground that in his/her opinion the story published in the newspaper was true. That is an issue to be left to the Judgment of the readers.

5.      Privacy: instruction or invasion on the privacy of individuals is not permissible unless outweighed by genuine overriding public interest, not being a prurient or morbid curiosity. (Explanation: Things concerning a person’s home, family, religion, health, sexuality, personal life and private affairs are covered by the concept of privacy excepting where any of these impinge (upon the public or public interest).

Victims of Sex Crimes – Caution Against Publication of Names or Pictures.

6.      While reporting crimes involving rape or molestation of women, of sexual assault on children, or raising doubts and questions touching the chastity , personal character and privacy of women, the names. Photographs of  the victims or other particulars leading to their identity should not be published. While such publication serves no legitiomate public purpose, it may bring social opprobrium to the victims and social embarrassment to their relations, family, friends, community, religious order or the institution to which they belong.

7.      Newspapers to eschew suggestive guilt by association: They should not name or identify the family or relative or associates of a person convicted or accused of a crime, when they are totally innocent and a reference to them is not relevant to the matter reported.

8.      Corrections: When any factual error or mistake is detected or confirmed, the newspaper should publish the correction promptly with due prominence and with apology or expression of regret in a case of serious lapse.

9.      (a) Right of Reply: The newspaper should promptly publish at the instance of the person feeling aggrieved/ or concerned by the impugned publication, a contradiction / reply/ rejoinder sent to the editor in the form of a letter of a letter or note. The editor has a discretion either to publish it in full or publish it’s a bridged and edited version, particularly when it is inordinately long. But the reminder should be an effective reply to the allegations. However, the editor is not entitled to alter, omit or refuse to publish important portions of the reply / rejoinder which effectively deal with the material allegations in the news item. If the editor doubts the truth or factual accuracy of the contradiction/ reply / rejoinder, even then, it is his /her duty to publish it, with liberty to add separately at the end, an editorial comment doubting its veracity, but only when this doubt is reasonably founded on unimpeachable documentary or other evidential material in his/ her possession. The editor should not, in a cavalier fashion, without the application of mind append such note as: we stand by our story’ it must be remembered that the liberty to append an editorial comment to a rejoinder or reply, is not an absolute right. It is a concession which has to be availed of sparingly with due discretion and caution in appropriate cases.

(b)However, where the reply / contradiction or rejoinder is being published in compliance with the direction of the Press Council it is permissible to append a brief editorial note to that effect .

10. Letters to the editor : An editor who decides to open his/her columns for letters on a controversial subject, is not obliged to publish all the letters received in regard to that subject. S/he is entitled to select and publish only some of them either in entirety or the gist there of . However, in exercising this discretion s/ he must make an honest endeavour to ensure that what is published is not one sided but represents a fair balance between the views for and against with respect to the principle issue in controversy. In the event of rejoinder upon  rejoinder being sent by two parties on a controversial subject , the editor has the discretion to decide at which stage to close the continuing column.

11. Conjecture, Comment and Fact: Newspapers should not pass on or elevate conjecture, speculation or comment as a statement of fact. All these categories should be distinctly stated.

Paramount interest of State, Society and Rights of Individuals not to be Jeopardized.

12. newspapers should, as a matter of self-regulation, exercise due restraint and caution in presenting any news, comment or information which id likely to Jeopardise, endanger or harm the paramount interests of the state and society, or the right of individuals, for the protection of which reasonable restrictions may be imposed by law on the right to freedom of speech and expression under clause (2) of article 19 of the constitution of India.

13. Newspapers may expose misuse of diplomatic immunity: the media should make every possible effort to build bridges of co-operation, friendly relations and in developing better understanding between India and foreign states, At the same time, is the duty of a newspaper to expose if any diplomat is trying to misuse or  take undue advantage of the diplomatic immunity.

14. Covering communal disputes clashes :News, views or comments relating to communal or religious disputes/ clashes should be published after proper verification of facts and presented with due caution and restraint in a manner which is conducive to the reaction of an atmosphere congenial to communal harmony, amity and peace. Sensational, provocative and alarming headlines are to be avoided Acts of communal violence or vandalism people’s confidence in the law and order machinery of the state, giving community –wise figures of the victims of communal riot, or writhing to inflame passions, aggravate the tensions, or accentuate the strained relations between the communities/ religious groups concerned, or which has a potential to exacerbate the trouble, should be avoided.

Headings should not be sensational/ provocative and must justify the matter printed under them

15. In general, and particularly in the context of communal disputes clashes: 

(a)   Provocative and sensational headlines should be avoided.

(b)   Headings must refiect and justify the matter printed under them.

(c)   Headings container allegations made in statements should either identify the body or the source making it or an least carry quotation marks.

16. Plagiarism: using or passing off the writings or ideas of another as one’s own without  crediting the source, is an offence against the ethics of Journalism.

17. Recording interviews and phone conversations:  Journalists should not tape –record anyone’s conversation without that person’s knowledge or consent, except where the recording is necessary to protect the journalist in a legal action, or for other compelling good reason.

18. (a) Obscenity and vulgarity to be eschewed: Newspapers / journalists should not publish anything which is obscene, vulgar cr offensive to public good taste.

(b) Newspapers should not publish an advertisement contending which is unlawful or illegal or is contrary to good taste or to journalistic ethics or proprieties ,

(c) Newspapers should not display advertisements which are vulgar or which, through picture of a woman in nude or lewd posture, provoke the lecherous attention of males as if she herself was a commercial commodity for sale.

(d) While publishing the tape- recorded statement of  another, the editor should delete obscene or filthy epithets offensive to good public taste, with which the person stating might have punctuated the tenor or tone or his/ her answers.

19. Glorifuying violence to be eschewed: Newspapers / journalists should avoid Presenting acts of violence, armed robberies and terrorist activities  in a manner that glorifies their acts or death in the eyes of the public, 

20. Glorification/ Encouragement of Social Evils to be eschewed: Newspapers should not allow their columns to misused for writing which have a tendency t o encourage or glorify social evils like Sati Pratha.

21. (a) Caution In Criticizing Judicial Acts : Excepting where the court sits in camera or directs otherwise, it is open to a newspapers to report pending. Judicial proceedings, in a fair, accurate and reasonable manner. But it should not publish any thing:

(i) which in its direct and immediate effect , creates a substantial risk of obstructing, impeding or prejudicing seriously the due administration of justice

Or

(ii) is in the nature of a running commentary or debate, or records the paper’s own finding, conjectures, reflections or comments on issues, sub-judice , and which may amount to arrogation to the newspaper the functions of the court

Or

(ii) Regarding the personal character of the accused standing trial on a charge of committing a crime.

(b) Newspapers should not a matter of caution publish or comment on evidence collected as a result of investigative journalism when after the accused is arrested and charged, the court become seized of the case nor should they reveal, comment upon or evaluate a confession allegedly made by the accused.

(c) While newspapers may in the public interest make reasonable criticism of a judicial act or the judgement of a court for public good they should not cast scrrilous aspersions or or impute improper motive or personal bias to the judge nor should they scandalize the court or the judiciary as a whole, or make personal allegations of lack of ability or integrity against a judge.

(d) Newspapers should, as a matter of caution avoid unfair and unwarranted criticism which by inured attributes to a judge extraneous consideration for performing an act in due cource of his /her judicial functions even if such criticism does not strictly amount to Culpable Contempt of court.

22.  Newspapers should avoid crass commercials : while Newspapers are entitled to ensure improve or strengthen their financial viability by all legitimate means they should not engage themselves through the print media in crass commercialism or unseemly, cut-throat completion with their rivals for earning ever more profits for their proprietors in a manner which is  repugnant to professional standards and good taste, and tends to downgrade   the primary role of the free Press as an essential institution of democracy to a  subservient place.

23. Photographs of Dead Bodies of Victims of Crimes / Accidents:

Photo- journalism is an important part of the print media.  While intrusion through photography into personal grief likely to hurt sentiments or arouse communal passions. Should be avoided, publication of photographs serving  the larger public interest cannot be termed unethical or in bad taste.

In the Indian environment  publication of the photographs of the dead bodies of the victims of accidents or natural calamity may not be per use  wrong  unless objected to be near relations of the deceased.

24. (a)Caste, Religion or  Community Disclosurs to be Generally Avoided :In general, the identification of a person belonging to scheduled caste or depressed class, with reference to his/her caste or by use of the word Harijan should be avoided particularly when in the context it conveys a sense or attributes a conduct or practice derogatory to that caste.

(b) It is not desirable for a journalist to describe of person accused of an offence by mentioning his caste when the caste does not have anything to do with the offence or the crime and plays no part either in the identification of any accused or proceeding, if there be any.

(c)  Except when it become relevant and material, it is not proper and desirable to mention the caste religion or community of an assailant or victimin a news item. Mention of cate, creeed ,religion cr community usually serves no useful purpose, but may at times have the unfortunate effect of creating – ill feeding among communities and individuals.

25. (a) Editor’s Responsibility for all matter published in the Newspaper : The editor shall assume responsibility for all matter, including advertisements, published in the newspaper. If responsibility is disclaimed, this shall be explicitly stated before hand.

          (b) Unconfirmed news shall be identified and treated as such

26. Confidence to be respected : If information is received from a confidential source, the confidence should be respected. The journalist cannot be compelled by the Press Council to disclose  such source; but it shall not be regarded as a breach of journalistic ethics if the source is voluntarily disclosed in proceedings before the council by the journalist who considers it necessary to repel effectively a charge against him/ her. This rule requiring  newspapers not to publish matters disclosed to it in confidence is not applicable where

(a) consent of the source is subsequently obtained.

(b) the editor clarified by way of an appropriate footnote that since the publication   of certain matters were in the public Interest, the information in question was being published although it had been made ‘ off the record’.

27. Dummy Advertisements : Publication of dummy advertisement that have neither been paid for, nor authorized by the advertisers, constitute breach of journalistic ethics.

See Also :

Print Media and Communication	Freedom of Press - The right to Publish and Privacy
Communication and Print media	Council Guides to Journalistic Ethics
Introduction to Print Media	Censorship in the Press and Media
Developments in Print Media	Media Laws
Contribution of News Papers	Press Ownership and Monopoly
Contribution of Magazines	Media Organisations and News Agencies
Press Commissions and Councils	The Mass Media
The Power of Press	Functions of Mass Media
History of Indian Journalism	Theories of the Press or Media
Press Censorship under the Emergency	Code of Ethics for Journalists
News Values in Journalism	Readership and Popularity of Magazine
Magazine genres-Types of Magazine